White Paper on Fuel Conditioning
What is Fuel Conditioning?
The first step in describing what conditioning fuels (hydrocarbons) accomplish begins with discussing magnetism. What conditioning fuel is all about is applying a magnetic force on hydrocarbons or exposing them to a magnetic field (MF). Hydrocarbons, when exposed to an MF, are altered in a way that affects their bonding potential or electronegativity (attractiveness) to each other. Hydrocarbons are inherently attracted to each other, creating clusters that reduce their ability to combine with oxygen when combusted. Applying an MF to fuel reduces the overall attractive properties of individual hydrocarbons breaking up large clusters into smaller groups that can better bond with oxygen, thus creating a better combustion efficiency, saving fuel, fewer particulates in the oil, and reduced emissions.
Magnetism
Magnetism is the force exerted by magnets when they attract or repel each other. The motion of electric charges causes magnetism. Every substance consists of tiny units called atoms. Each atom has electrons, particles that carry electric charges. Spinning like tops, the electrons circle an atom's nucleus or core. Their movement generates an electric current and causes each electron to act as a microscopic magnet. In most substances, equal numbers of electrons spin in opposite directions, which cancels their magnetism. That is why materials such as cloth or paper are weakly magnetic. However, most electrons spin in the same direction in substances such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, making the atoms in these substances strongly magnetic—but they are not yet magnets. Another strongly magnetic substance must enter the magnetic field of an existing magnet to become magnetized. The magnetic field is the area around a magnet with a magnetic force.
The Effect of Magnetism on Materials
A magnetic field affects every element to some degree. Magnetism describes objects that produce continuous magnetic fields without an applied magnetic field. Most materials, however, create a magnetic field in response to an induced magnetic application. There are several types of magnetism, such as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances, each exhibiting varying degrees of magnetism, but all materials exhibit at least one. 1
The effect of magnetism on the material is best described at the molecular level, explicitly describing the polar magnetic effect on each molecule. A polar molecule is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive while the other end is slightly negative or oppositely charged. A nonpolar molecule has no charge separation, so no positive or negative poles are formed, like a hydrocarbon, where the hydrogen molecule has a positive charge, and the bonded carbon molecule has a positive or equally charged charge. The two electrically charged regions on either end of the molecule are called poles, like a magnet having a north and a south pole. A molecule with two poles is called a dipole. A dipole is any molecule with a positive and negative end resulting from an unequal electron density distribution throughout the molecule. A key factor for this discussion is that nonpolar molecules, like hydrocarbons compounds, can also align themselves or become polarized (create a dipole effect) under the influence of a magnetic field. 2
Hydrocarbons and Fuel Molecules
A hydrocarbon is a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The carbon atoms join to form the framework of the mix, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and lubricants and are the basis for this analysis. There are different forms of hydrocarbons, depending on how they are structured. Methane, the constituent of natural gas, is the simplest form and is in a category called alkanes, alkanes "being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils. 3
Hydrogen exists in two distinctive forms, ortho hydrogen, and para hydrogen. The ortho and the para variants of hydrogen differ in the relative orientation of the nuclear spin of the two protons. In the para-state, the spin of the protons is anti-parallel, whereas, in the ortho molecule, the spin is parallel. This spin orientation has a pronounced effect on the behavior of the molecule. Ortho Hydrogen is unstable and more reactive than para-state. The fuel molecules will typically be in the para-state with opposite spins, getting attracted to each other and forming clusters.
Hydrocarbons, Magnetic Fields, and Fuel Conditioning
Magnetic fuel treatment or conditioning works on the principle of magnetic field interaction with hydrocarbon molecules of fuel and oxygen molecules. Liquid fuel is a mixture of organic chemical compounds consisting predominantly of carbon and hydrogen atoms - hydrocarbons.
Due to various physical attraction forces, they form densely packed structures called pseudo compounds which can further organize into clusters or associations.4,5,6
The cluster-like structures are relatively stable, and oxygen atoms struggle to penetrate their interior during the air/fuel mixing. The hindered access of appropriate quantities of oxygen to the interior of these molecular groups (clusters) results in the incomplete combustion of fuel in the interior of such associations and causes the formation of carbon particles and carbon monoxide, as well as increased quantities of hydrocarbons emitted into the environment. 7
The conditioning effect of a magnetic field on a hydrocarbon is the production of a moment created by the movement of the outer electrons of a hydrocarbon chain, moving the electrons into states of higher principal quantum number. This state effectively breaks down the fixed valance electrons that participate in the bonding process of the fuel compounds. These states create the condition for a more accessible association of fuel particulates. In so doing, the hydrocarbon fuel molecule becomes aligned, which does not necessarily create new hydrocarbon chains but madjusts the magnetic moment into a dipole relationship. 8
The dipole relationship of the aligned hydrocarbons makes them less attractive (less energy or weaker), independent, and distant, allowing for a more extensive surface available for binding or attracting with more oxygen, thus producing better oxidation. Following van der Waals' discovery of a weak-clustering force, there is a solid binding of hydrocarbons with oxygen in such magnetized fuel, which ensures optimal burning of the mixture in the engine chamber.9 The result is a more complete and rapid hydrocarbon fuel burning.10,11,12
Magnetism, Fuel and Combustion
When the fuel mixes with air, all the fuel molecules may not combine with the oxygen molecules in the air for combustion, and hence some of the fuel molecules escape into the atmosphere as unburnt gas. When magnetic treatment is applied, the molecules generally occurring in the para-state get oriented into the active ortho state, thus weakening the bonds between fuel molecules. Faraday's law states that when a field is introduced perpendicular to that circuit, an electromotive force acts upon the electron, like a magnetic field, by which the nature of the motion alters
atomic orbits.13 Hence, a diamagnetic ion exhibits positive ionization, where atoms repel magnetic fields when subjected to magnetism. This helps the hydrocarbons attract and bond with negatively charged oxygen, thus increasing combustion when combined and ignited. From the thermodynamic point of view, fuel consumption entirely depends on its combustion enthalpy or internal energy. The internal energy of a reaction is calculated by using the bonding energy of reactants and products. If the magnetic treatment can decrease the bonding energy of hydrocarbon molecules, it will also change the fuel consumption rate. Thus, the reduction in the bonding energy directly affects the energy produced and subsequently lowers the fuel consumption rate. In addition, the weakening of bonds between fuel molecules aids in forming more bonds with oxygen molecules, ensuring an increase in combustion efficiency. 14
Advantages
A magnetic field applied to a hydrocarbon fuel results in better combustion. This, in turn, can equate to several advantages:
Increase in torque
Better fuel efficiency and mileage (average 10-25%)
Fewer contaminants get past valve seals into the oil
And fewer emissions
Conclusion
With skyrocketing fuel prices (premium at $5.12 and diesel at $5.42...July 2022) 15, individual consumers, fuel-dependent companies, and overall industries must find a way to reduce their fuel costs. According to Yardeni Research, American families spend the equivalent of $5,000 a year on gasoline.16 Compared to the previous year, that is a 56% increase. U.S. businesses such ,as trucking firms are faring worse. For example, according to Morine Trucking & Construction, based in Opelousas, LA, “fuel costs have gone up “easily 25% or 30%,” adding about $150 to the cost of a trip from Louisiana to Georgia.”17 The company averages two round trips per week per truck, equating to $2400 or a monthly truck payment. A Trinity RSS fuel conditioner could save them $90 a week, $360 monthly, or $4320 annually. Add in the other benefits of a fuel conditioner, like fewer emissions, less oil consumption, and cleaner oil, and one can see how conditioning your fuel does so much more than saving fuel costs. In today's eco-friendly environment, the lubrication and fuels industry must find better ways to minimize contaminants, maximize efficiency and reduce costs for the consumer while reducing emissions and limiting oil disposal. What is needed as America transitions to alternative energy sources is a hydrocarbon bridge that can reduce oil use and lessen emissions. That bridge is the Trinity conditioning and filtering system – we are the “E” in ESG.
1 http://ijsetr.com/uploads/623451IJSETR4319-250.pdf
2 http://ijsetr.com/uploads/623451IJSETR4319-250.pdf
3 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Hydrocarbons/Alkanes
4 H. Guo, Z. Liu, Y. Chen and R. Yao,"A Study of Magnetic effects on the Physicochemical Properties
of Individual Hydrocarbons" Logistical Engineering College, Chongqing 400042, P.R China (1994), pp.216-220.
5 P. Kulish, "Seminar Report on Fuel Energizer" (1984), pp. 1-25
6 P. Govindasamy and S. Dhandapani, "Experimental Investigation of Cyclic Variation of Combustion Parameters in Catalytically Activated and Magnetically Energized Two-stroke SI Engine" Journal of Energy & Environment, Vol. 6, , (2007), pp.45-59
7 P. Govindasamy, S. Dhandapani, "Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Magnetic Flux to Reduce Emissions and Improve Combustion Performance in a Two Stroke, Catalytic-Coated Spark-Ignition Engine" International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 8, No. 5, (2007),pp. 533-542
8 I. Pera, P. Pines, "Magnetizing Hydrocarbon Fuels and Other Fluids" U. S. Patent No. 4716024, (1987).
9 Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "van der Waals forces". Encyclopedia Britannica, 16 Mar. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/science/van-der-Waals-forces. Accessed 9 May 2022.
10 I. Pera, P. Pines, "Magnetizing Hydrocarbon Fuels and Other Fluids" U. S. Patent No. 4716024, (1987).
11 C. A. Okoronkwo , C. C. Dr. Nwachukwu, L.C. Dr. Ngozi and J.O. Igbokwe, "The Effect of Electromagnetic Flux Density on the Ionization and the Combustion of Fuel (An Economy Design Project)" American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, ISSN: 2153-649X doi:10.5251/ajsir.(2010).1.3.527.531
12 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332353350 A Study on the Effect of Magnetic Field on the Properties and Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels
13 https://www.livescience.com/53509-faradays-law-induction.html
14 http://www.tjprc.org/publishpapers/2-67-1554973645-9.IJMPERDJUN20199.pdf
15 https://gasprices.aaa.com/
16 https://www.yardeni.com/pub/gasoline.pdf
17 https://www.wsj.com/articles/rising-diesel-costs-are-straining-u-s-truckers-shipping-operations-
11652376035#:~:text=U.S.%20commercial%20vehicles%2C%20including%20big,for%20which%20figures%20were
%20available.
